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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)

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Acute

What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)?

Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Leukemia may affect red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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There are a number of symptoms of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia, which may include
  • Pale skin.
  • Feeling tired and breathless.
  • Night sweats.
  • Bone and joint pain.
  • Easily bruised skin.
  • High temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above.
  • Having repeated infections over a short space of time.
  • Unusual and frequent bleeding, such as bleeding gums or nose bleeds.
Complications

ALL that spreads to your brain and spine may cause the following complications: Balance problems. Blurred vision. Facial muscle weakness or numbness.

Causes

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is caused by a DNA mutation in the stem cells causing too many white blood cells to be produced. The white blood cells are also released from the bone marrow before they are mature and able to fight infection like fully developed white blood cells.

Risk Factors
  • Radiation exposure.
  • Certain chemical exposures.
  • Certain viral infections.
  • Certain genetic syndromes.
  • Age.
  • Race/ethnicity.
  • Sex.
  • Having an identical twin with ALL.
Prevention

There is no known way to prevent most cases of leukemia at this time. Most people who get acute lymphocytic leukemia have no known risk factors, so there is no way to prevent these leukemias from developing.

How is it diagnosed?

How is it diagnosed?
  • Combination chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant
  • Monoclonal antibody therapy (blinatumomab or inotuzumab ozogamicin) followed by stem cell transplant.
  • Low-dose radiation therapy as palliative care to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
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How is it treated?

Treatment for acute myeloid leukemia is vital. It varies with the patient and stage of the disease. Treatment options include

  • Combination chemotherapy.
  • Tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy with imatinib mesylate, in certain patients.
  • Supportive care including antibiotics and red blood cell and platelet transfusions.

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