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Regular vigorous nose blowing and/or yawning/swallowing movements. Combine nose blowing and swallowing –swallowing tends to open the ...

If you have a mold allergy, your immune system overreacts when you breathe in mold spores. A mold allergy can cause coughing, itchy eyes and other ...

Persistent fetal circulation is a condition caused by a failure in the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation to convert from the ...

Adenomyosis is a gynecologic condition characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterine myometrium. Presenting signs and symptoms ...

Benign gastrointestinal tumors refer to non-cancerous growths that develop within the digestive system.

Gastric outlet obstruction is a condition where the passage of digested food from the stomach to the small intestine is partially or completely ...

It is a genetic disease which can have many clinical manifestations.

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is the body's disease-fighting network

Pancreatic diseases encompass a range of conditions affecting the pancreas, including pancreatitis, pancreatic cysts, and pancreatic cancer. These ...

Polio (poliomyelitis) mainly affects children under 5 years of age. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis.

Rectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the rectum. Health history affects the risk of developing ...

Ablation is a technique typically used to treat abnormal heart rates and rhythms (arrhythmias).

Abnormal labor constitutes any findings that fall outside the accepted normal labor curve. However, the authors hesitate to apply the diagnosis of ...

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is bleeding from the uterus that is longer than usual or that occurs at an irregular time.

Acanthosis nigricans is a condition that causes areas of dark, thick velvety skin in body folds and creases. It typically affects the armpits, ...

An anterior cruciate ligament injury is the over-stretching or tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee.

Acne is a common skin condition that happens when hair follicles under the skin become clogged. Sebum—oil that helps keep skin from drying ...

Acne conglobata is a rare but severe form of nodulocystic acne. It usually presents with tender, disfiguring, double or triple interconnecting ...

Acoustic neuromas are noncancerous, usually slow growing tumors that form along the branches of the eighth cranial nerve (also called the ...

Acromegaly is a rare condition where the body produces too much growth hormone, causing body tissues and bones to grow more quickly.

Acromegaly occurs when the body makes too much growth hormone.

An actinic keratosis (ak-TIN-ik ker-uh-TOE-sis) is a rough, scaly patch on the skin that develops from years of sun exposure. It's often found on ...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs when the kidneys suddenly fail due to an injury, medication, or illness. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the ...

This topic last updated: Jun 29, 2023. Angioedema is self-limited, localized swelling of the skin or mucosal tissues, which results from ...

Acute liver failure is a critical condition where the liver rapidly loses its ability to function, typically within a short timeframe.

Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).

Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow, the substance inside of bones that makes blood cells.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are ...

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults.

There are multiple possible mechanisms of acute PNIs. These include[6][8]: Stretch-related injuries, the most common type, happen when the ...

This information is for patients, families and carers following a diagnosis of Acute Otitis Media (AOM)

An acute spinal cord injury is caused by trauma to the spinal cord. It is a medical emergency that needs to be treated right away.

Addison's disease is caused by damage to the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands sit just above the kidneys.

Adenoviruses are relatively resistant to common disinfectants and can be detected on surfaces, such as doorknobs, objects, and water of swimming ...

Adie's pupil, also called tonic pupil, is mainly seen in young women. Most patients have unilateral eye involvement.

Cutaneous adnexal tumors are a large group of benign and malignant neoplasms that exhibit morphologic

Adnexal tumors are growths of cells that form on the organs and connective tissues around the uterus. Adnexal tumors most often aren't cancerous, ...

What is adrenal fatigue? Adrenal fatigue is a term used by alternative health practitioners to explain tiredness

Congenital heart defect repair surgery may be performed with minimally invasive surgery or traditional (open) heart surgery.

Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that exist since birth.

Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes are not aligned. It affects people's ability to function and can even cause them to lose their ...

Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of heart muscle diseases and an important cause of heart failure (HF) in young populations.

Albinism affects the production of melanin, the pigment that colours skin, hair and eyes. It's a lifelong condition, but it does not get worse over ...

Alcohol septal ablation is a non-surgical procedure to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Allergic Rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced after allergen exposure due to an IgE-mediated inflammation of membranes lining the ...

Alopecia areata is a disease that happens when the immune system attacks hair follicles and causes hair loss.

Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest ...

Amblyopia is a visual disorder due to the failure of cortical visual development in one or both eyes due to ocular pathology early in life.

Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor generally present in the jaw bone.

Amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstruation during the reproductive years of a woman's life. Physiological states of amenorrhea are seen, ...

Amyloidosis is a collection of diseases caused when the protein amyloid abnormally deposits into one or more organs in the body.

Amyloidosis (am-uh-loi-DO-sis) is a rare disease that occurs when a protein called amyloid builds up in organs. This amyloid buildup can make the ...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal type of motor neuron disease.

Anemia is a reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (HCT) or RBC count. It is a presentation of an underlying condition and can be subdivided ...

Hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice; Exchange transfusion; Blood type incompatibility any bleeding and coagulation disorders; Thrombocytopenia. complex ...

Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. Having anemia, also ...

Open surgery and endovascular repair are the two main types of surgery to repair an aneurysm.

An aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. An aneurysm can burst. This is called a rupture. A ruptured aneurysm ...

Anger is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something you feel has deliberately done you wrong. Anger can be a good thing. It ...

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA, or balloon angioplasty) helps restore a healthy blood flow to the heart by reopening arteries ...

Anisocoria is when your eye's pupils are not the same size. The pupil allows light to enter the eye so that you can see. Anyone can have pupils ...

Ankle fractures can be caused by various modes of trauma, e.g., twisting, impact, and crush injuries.

Ankle Replacement surgery is the replacement of a damaged ankle joint with an artificial implant. The ankle joint (tibiotalar joint) is where your ...

A sprained ankle is an injury that occurs when you roll, twist or turn your ankle in an awkward way.

The clinic has a long tradition of trained specialists in the evaluation of people with aortic diseases and surgeons who perform open and ...

This procedure also is called composite aortic root replacement. A surgeon removes part of the aorta and the aortic valve.

The aortic valve controls the flow of blood out from the heart to the rest of the body.

Aphakia (pronounced “uh-FAY-kee-uh”) means that you're missing the lens in your eye. The lens sits behind your pupil and iris, which is ...

It is a condition in which the body stops producing new blood cells from bone marrow. It can be inherited or acquired.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder in which a person frequently stops breathing during his or her sleep. It results from an obstruction of ...

Apnea of prematurity is a disorder in infants who are preterm that is defined as cessation of breathing by that lasts for more than 20 seconds ...

Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine. It presents with sudden and severe abdominal pain, ...

Appendicitis typically starts with a pain in the middle of your tummy (abdomen) that may come and go. Within hours, the pain travels to the lower ...

Appendicitis typically starts with a pain in the middle of your tummy (abdomen) that may come and go.

Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine.

Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine. It presents with sudden and severe abdominal pain, ...

Changes to your appetite can be caused by many things like stress, medicines, some health conditions, anxiety or depression.

Arcus senilis (cornea senilis) are lipid deposits that appear as rings on the outer region of the cornea. They are usually gray or white and are ...

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) happen when a group of blood vessels in your body forms incorrectly. In these malformations, arteries and veins ...

Arthritis means inflammation or swelling of one or more joints. It describes more than 100 conditions that affect the joints, tissues around the ...

Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints.

Asbestosis (as-bes-TOE-sis) is a chronic lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. Prolonged exposure to these fibers can cause lung tissue ...

Asthma is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages.

Asthma is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages. It is caused by inflammation and muscle tightening around the airways, which makes ...

Asthma is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages...

Ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain that controls muscle coordination (cerebellum) or its connections.

Atherosclerosis is thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia.

autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and ...

Back pain can range from a muscle aching to a shooting, burning or stabbing sensation. Also, the pain can radiate down a leg. Bending, twisting, ...

Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea (the clear dome covering the colored part of the eye) that is caused by bacteria.

Gastric bypass and other types of weight-loss surgery — also called bariatric or metabolic surgery — involve making changes to your ...

Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that most often develops on areas of skin exposed to the sun, such as the face. On white skin, basal ...

Palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of the face. In most cases, the weakness is temporary and significantly ...

Palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of the face. In most cases, the weakness is temporary and significantly ...

Bell's palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that usually resolves on its own and causes no complications.

Biliary atresia is a condition in infants in which the bile ducts outside and inside the liver are scarred and blocked. Bile can't flow into the ...

Biliary tract diseases affect the bile ducts, which play a crucial role in transporting bile from the liver to the small intestine for digestion. ...

A black eye is also known as periorbital haematoma. A black eye develops when fluids collect in the tissues around the eye.

Bladder cancer is a common type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder.

Bleeding disorders affect the way the body controls blood clotting. If your blood does not clot enough, you may experience problems with bleeding ...

Blepharitis usually affects both eyes along the edges of the eyelids. Blepharitis commonly occurs when tiny oil glands near the base of the ...

Blocked tear ducts occur when your nasolacrimal passages cannot drain tears as they should. If you have a blocked tear duct, you may have watery, ...

Bone marrow failure (BMF) refers to the decreased production of one or more major hematopoietic lineages, which leads to diminished or absent ...

Botulism (“BOT-choo-liz-um”) is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin that attacks the body's

Bowel obstruction is a condition where there is a blockage preventing the normal flow of intestinal contents.

The brachial plexus passes from the neck to the axilla and supplies the upper limb. It is formed from the ventral rami of the 5th to 8th cervical ...

It starts in another part of the body and spreads (metastasizes) to the brain.

Some common brain diseases include: Brain tumors, which can press on nerves and affect brain function. Degenerative nerve diseases, which can ...

Your team will work with you to help improve physical, mental and behavioral functioning.

A Brain tumor can form in the brain cells (as shown), or it can begin elsewhere and spread to the brain. As the tumor grows, it creates pressure ...

Brain tumors that start as a growth of cells in the brain are called primary brain tumors. They might start right in the brain or in the tissue ...

Brain tumors that start as a growth of cells in the brain are called primary brain tumors.

Brain tumor can form in the brain cells (as shown), or it can begin elsewhere and spread to the brain.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women, accounting for more than 1 in 10 new cancer diagnoses each year.

Breast cancer is a disease in which abnormal breast cells grow out of control and form tumours.

If your brain, muscles, or other body organs do not get enough oxygen, a sense of breathlessness may occur. Breathing difficulty may also be due ...

Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the bronchioles usually caused by an acute viral illness.

Bronchogenic cysts are lesions of congenital origin derived from the primitive foregut 2 and are the most common primary cysts of the ...

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease which affects premature infants. Premature infants who require treatment with supplemental ...

Bullous pemphigoid (BUL-us PEM-fih-goid) is a rare skin condition that causes large, fluid-filled blisters. They develop on areas of skin that ...

A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction or ...

Bursitis is a swelling or inflammation of a bursa, which is a synovium-lined, sac-like structure found throughout the body near bony prominences ...

Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer is caused by changes to DNA. Most ...

Cancer is a large group of diseases that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, go beyond ...

Eye melanoma most commonly affects the eyeball. Doctors sometimes call it uveal or choroidal melanoma, depending on exactly which part of your eye ...

Cancer in the heart can lead to shortness of breath, fainting, and other symptoms.

A malignant brain tumour is either grade 3 or 4, whereas grade 1 or 2 tumours are usually classed as benign or non-cancerous. Most malignant ...

Cardiac ablation uses heat or cold energy to create tiny scars in the heart to block irregular electrical signals and restore a typical heartbeat.

Cardiac amyloidosis is quite rare and produces symptoms very similar to other heart diseases.

Cardiac electrophysiologists specialize in diagnosing and treating disturbances of the heart's electrical system.

Cardiac catheterization (kath-uh-tur-ih-ZAY-shun) is a test or treatment for certain heart or blood vessel problems, such as clogged arteries or ...

Cardiac CT provides an accurate, timely, and cost-effective means of initial diagnosis and follow-up care in these patients.

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the structures ...

Cardiac Rehabilitation (cardiac rehab) is a personalized program of education and exercise.

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) is treatment to help your heart beat with the right rhythm.

An echocardiogram, or "echo", is a scan used to look at the heart and nearby blood vessels.

Cardio-Oncology is a multidisciplinary, collaborative speciality that focuses on the cardiac care of cancer patients before, during and after their ...

An advanced cardiopulmonary exercise test (A-CPET) is used to pinpoint the source of a patient's dyspnea (shortness of breath) and to determine ...

A genetic variation (mutation) in a single gene can affect the likelihood of developing heart disease.

We have multiple imaging modality tracks: Echocardiography (1 yr), Cardiac MRI (1 yr), Nuclear Cardiology & CT Angiography (1 yr), CT/PET (1 ...

Informatics studies the representation, processing, and communication of information in natural and engineered systems.

Cardiac Nuclear Medicine imaging evaluates the heart for coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy (diseases of the heart muscle).

Carotid artery disease results from a blockage or narrowing of the carotid arteries. This narrowing is also called carotid artery stenosis.

Carotid angioplasty and stenting involves the carotid artery. During the procedure, doctors use a thin tube with a balloon at its tip to open up ...

Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA) is surgery to treat carotid artery disease. The carotid arteries are the main blood vessels that carry oxygen and ...

The name carotid endarterectomy is a mouthful, but it is a relatively simple surgery that removes plaque in one of your carotid arteries

Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway surrounded by bones and ligaments on the ...

Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway surrounded by bones and ligaments on the ...

Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway surrounded by bones and ligaments on the ...

Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve.

Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up the eye's lens. Proteins and fibers in the lens begin to break down.

Also known as a cardiac ablation or radiofrequency ablation, this procedure guides a tube into your heart to destroy small areas of tissue that may ...

Cellulitis usually affects the lower legs, but it can occur on the face, arms and other areas. The infection happens when a break in the skin ...

Hemorrhagic stroke comprises about 20% of all strokes, with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) being the most common type. Frequency of ICH is ...

The term cerebrovascular disease includes all disorders in which an area of the brain is temporarily or permanently affected by ischemia or ...

Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cells of the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb).

One of the main symptoms of a cervical spine disorder is neck pain. You may also have pain in the head, jaw, shoulders, arms, or legs, as well as ...

Chalazia are enlargements of an oil gland (similar to a pimple) deep in the eyelid caused by an obstruction of the gland's opening.

Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV).

Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV).

The most common types of cancer diagnosed in children ages 0 to 14 years are leukemias, brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, and ...

Microbiology. Cholera is caused by infection with toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae,

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common lung disease causing restricted airflow and breathing problems.

(See "Microbiology and antibiotic management of chronic rhinosinusitis".) CRS is defined as an inflammatory condition involving the ...

Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth, Vascular Malformations, Epidermal Nevis, Spinal/Skeletal Anomalies/Scoliosis (CLOVES) syndrome is a very rare ...

Cluster headache is a primary headache disorder with distinct features of unilateral intense pain of a relatively short duration, with prominent ...

Cognitive disorders are defined as any disorder that significantly impairs the cognitive functions of an individual to the point where normal ...

Colds can be caused by various viruses. They lead to inflammations in the lining of the nose and throat, but are otherwise harmless.

Cold sores, or fever blisters, are a common viral infection. They are tiny, fluid-filled blisters on and around the lips. These blisters are often ...

Coloboma is an eye condition that people are born with. It happens when part of the tissue that makes up the eye is missing.

Colon and rectal surgeries are typically performed to treat colon and rectal cancers

If you have color blindness (color vision deficiency), it means you see colors differently than most people.

Colorectal cancer almost always develops from growths called colorectal polyps that form in the lining of the colon.

Colorectal Cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine.

Colorectal Cancer almost always develops from growths called colorectal polyps that form in the lining of the colon

Colds usually take a few days to fully develop. Typical symptoms include a stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, coughing and a sore throat.

There are three main types of cardiology: invasive, noninvasive, and interventional. Your cardiologist may rely on one or a combination of ...

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a group of disorders that arise from defective steroidogenesis.

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) is an inherited blood disorder that affects the development of red blood cells.

Pink eye is the inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane that lines your eyelid and eyeball.

Constipation happens because your colon (large intestine) absorbs too much water from your poop. This dries out your poop, making it hard in ...

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG, often pronounced “cabbage”) is one of the most commonly performed open heart surgeries.

Coronary Endarterectomy is a procedure that was commonly used to treat coronary heart disease before coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG ...

Coronary Heart Disease is the term that describes what happens when your heart's blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty ...

A Detailed description of the potential side effects of short term high dose, oral or injected corticosteroids...

A cough is your body's way of responding when something irritates your throat or airways.

A cough is your body's way of responding when something irritates your throat or airways.

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation of the GI tract, which extends from your stomach all the way ...

Croup symptoms usually start like an upper respiratory tract infection, with low-grade fever and coryza followed by a barking cough and various ...

Cryptotia is a congenital ear deformity in which the upper pole appears buried beneath the mastoid skin. It is a common auricular malformation ...

Too much cortisol can cause some of the main symptoms of Cushing syndrome — a fatty hump between the shoulders

Cushing’s syndrome occurs when there is an excess of the hormone cortisol.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. Cystic ...

Cystic Fibrosis(CF) is a genetic condition that affects a protein in the body. People who have cystic fibrosis have a faulty protein that affects ...

Decompensated liver cirrhosis is an advanced stage of liver cirrhosis, a progressive scarring of the liver tissue that impairs its function.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition in which a blood clot develops in the deep veins, usually in the lower extremities.

Malignant atrophic papulosis (Degos' disease) is a rare vascular disorder characterized by distinctive skin lesions associated with multiple GI ...

Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer in which the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are

Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical ...

Dermatomyositis (dur-muh-toe-my-uh-SY-tis) is an uncommon inflammatory disease marked by muscle weakness and a distinctive skin rash. The condition ...

Retinal detachment describes an emergency situation in which a thin layer of tissue (the retina) at the back of the eye pulls away from the layer ...

Your body doesn't make enough insulin or can't use it as well as it should. When there isn't enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, ...

With diabetes, your body doesn't make enough insulin or can't use it as well as it should. When there isn't

Diabetes is a condition that causes high blood glucose levels Trusted Source due to the body being unable to either produce or use insulin ...

Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy.

Your hemodialysis access, or vascular access, is a way to reach your blood for hemodialysis.

Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders in infants.

Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders in infants. The most common cause is irritant contact dermatitis due to occlusive ...

Diaphragmatic hernia is a birth defect where there is a hole in the diaphragm (the large muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen). Organs ...

Diaphragmatic hernia is a birth defect where there is a hole in the diaphragm (the large muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen). Organs ...

Diarrhea is defined as an increase in the number of stools or the presence of looser stools than is normal for the individual, i.e. more than three ...

Diarrhoea is the passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day, or more frequently than is normal for the individual. It is usually a symptom ...

Most of the time, vomiting and diarrhea are due to a stomach bug or food poisoning and clear up on their own within a few days.

The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.

Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin.

A dislocation is complete separation of the bones that form a joint. In subluxation, the bones in a joint are partly out of position.

Diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) that can develop in the colon. It can lead to symptoms such as ...

Diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) that can develop in the colon.

Diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection of small...

Diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) that can develop in the colon. It can lead to symptoms such as ...

A background to common ENT causes, exercises and treatments for this often disabling condition.

Dry eyes can occur when you're unable to produce enough liquid tears, also called aqueous fluid.

There are three pairs of major salivary glands — parotid, sublingual and submandibular. Each gland has its own tube (duct) leading from the ...

Dust mite allergy is an allergic condition that occurs as a reaction to the dust mite allergens that commonly live-in household dust. It is also ...

Dysmenorrhea is defined as pain during the menstrual cycle. The pain is usually located in the lower abdomen and may radiate to the inner thighs ...

Eczema, also known as “atopic dermatitis,” is a noncontagious, inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by severe itching, ...

A catheter is inserted into the affected vessel and is used to remove the clot. Surgical Embolectomy This involves traditional open heart surgery ...

Emphysema is primarily a pathological diagnosis that affects the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole.

Encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is inflammation of the brain. There are several causes, including viral infection, autoimmune inflammation, ...

Endocarditis occurs when bacteria or other germs enter the bloodstream and travel to the heart. The germs then stick to damaged heart valves or ...

An endocrine tumor is a growth that affects the parts of the body that secrete hormones.

An endocrine tumor is a growth that affects the parts of the body that secrete hormones.

Endocrine surgery treats endocrine disorders by removing part or all of a diseased gland.

It is the most common kind of uterine cancer. The main symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding.

Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.

Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.

Endovascular aneurysm repair involves inserting a graft within the aneurysm through small groin incisions using X-rays to guide the graft into ...

Enteroviruses are shed in respiratory secretions and stool and sometimes are present in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare diseases that cause the skin to blister easily.

It is characterized by recurrent seizures, which are brief episodes of involuntary movement that may involve a part of the body (partial) or the ...

Epilepsy happens as a result of abnormal electrical brain activity, also known as a seizure, kind of like an electrical storm inside your head.

Esophageal cancer is a malignancy that develops in the esophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. It often presents with symptoms ...

Esophageal cancer is a malignancy that develops in the esophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.

Essential tremor (ET) is a chronic and progressive neurologic disease. Its central and defining clinical feature is a 4–12 Hz kinetic ...

Acne is a common skin condition that happens when hair follicles under the skin become clogged.

Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) is a rare disorder in which individuals develop immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated hypersensitivity in ...

In Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO), blood is pumped outside of your body to a heart-lung machine that removes carbon dioxide and sends ...

Eye allergies are quite common in most people. They occur when the immune system gets sensitized to something (an irritant) in the environment.

Primary eye cancer is a very rare kind of cancer that starts somewhere in or on the eye (on the surface, on the iris, or within the eye beneath the ...

Cryptotia is a congenital ear deformity in which the upper pole appears buried beneath the mastoid skin. It is a common auricular malformation ...

Fanconi anemia is an inherited disease caused by changes (mutations) in certain genes, known as FA genes. Experts have found 23 different FA genes. ...

Swallowing incoordination, fatigue, or poor gag or sucking reflexes, which may necessitate special methods of feeding until the baby

Children with fevers may become more uncomfortable as the temperature rises.

Uterine fibroids are a common type of noncancerous tumor that can grow in and on your uterus. Not all fibroids cause symptoms, but when they do, ...

Fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the womb (uterus). The growths are made up of muscle and fibrous tissue, and vary in ...

Fifth disease is caused by human parvovirus B19.

A range of factors can compromise the kidneys' ability to perform their vital work. These include illnesses like diabetes or high blood pressure, ...

Food allergy is an immune system reaction that happens soon after eating a certain food.

Foot Infections are frequent and potentially devastating complications. Infection prospers in more than half of all foot ulcers and is the factor ...

A 'soft tissue' injury means that you have had damaged some of the structures that support the elbow, such as the ligaments.

A hip fracture occurs when the upper part of the femur is broken.

A fracture is a breach in the structural continuity of the bone cortex, with a degree of injury to the surrounding soft tissues.

A fracture is a breach in the structural continuity of the bone cortex, with a degree of injury to the surrounding soft tissues.

In Functional Rehabilitation we evaluate the young athlete, isolating any deficits in biomechanical issues,

Fungal keratitis can develop quickly from an eye injury or contact lens use. It can cause blindness if it is not treated.

Gallbladder cancer occurs when healthy cells in the gallbladder change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor.

Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles that develop in your gallbladder (gallstones).

Gallstones are solid deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. They can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, especially after meals, and ...

Gallstones are solid deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts.

Gallstones are solid deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. They can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, especially after meals, and ...

Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right ...

They are the most common soft tissue mass found within the hand and wrist, but they are also commonly encountered in the knee and foot.

Stomach cancer, which is also called gastric cancer, is a growth of cells that starts in the stomach. The stomach is in the upper middle part of ...

Stomach cancer, also called gastric cancer, begins when healthy cells in the stomach become abnormal and grow out of control, forming a mass called ...

Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.

Gastroenteritis is a short-term illness triggered by the infection and inflammation of the digestive system.

Gastroschisis is a birth defect where a hole in the abdominal (belly) wall beside the belly button allows the baby's intestines to extend outside ...

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus).

The goals of managing GERD are to address the resolution of symptoms and prevent complications such as esophagitis, BE, and esophageal ...

Gestational diabetes is diabetes diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy (gestation).

Giardiasis is a small intestinal infection caused by the protozoa Giardia duodenalis.

Gigantism is a very rare condition that happens when a child or adolescent has high levels of growth hormone in their body

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve. The optic nerve sends visual information from your eye to your brain and is ...

Glomerulonephritis (gloe-MER-u-loe-nuh-FRY-tis) is inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys (glomeruli). The excess fluid and waste that ...

A grommet is a small tube that's placed in your child's ear during surgery. It drains fluid away and keeps the eardrum open. The grommet should ...

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare condition in which a person's immune system attacks the peripheral nerves.

Gynecologic cancer is any cancer that starts in a woman's reproductive organs.

Gynecologic oncologists offer an integrated approach to the diagnosis and surgical management of cancerous and noncancerous (benign) conditions of ...

Hemorrhage is an acute loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel.

Hemorrhoids (HEM-uh-roids), also called piles, are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum.

Hair loss occurs because of the conversion of terminal hairs into vellus hairs that eventually atrophy.

Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that develop in the upper aerodigestive epithelium after exposure to carcinogens such as ...

Cancers that are known collectively as head and neck cancers usually begin in the squamous cells that line the mucosal surfaces of the head and ...

Head and neck cancer symptoms may include a lump in the neck or a sore in the mouth or the throat that does not heal and may be painful,

A head injury is a broad term that describes a vast array of injuries that occur to the scalp, skull, brain, and underlying tissue and blood ...

Head lice are tiny parasites that live in our hair and feed on blood from our scalp.

People with tension-type headaches often feel stress or tension before their headache. Unlike migraine, tension headaches occur without other ...

He most common type of headache is a tension headache. Tension headaches are due to tight muscles in your shoulders, neck, scalp and jaw.

A hearing aid is a small electronic device that you wear in or behind your ear. It makes some sounds louder so that a person with hearing loss can ...

Kids with hearing loss may need to sit closer to the front of the class to speech read (read lips) or hear more clearly. Also consider arranging ...

Genetic testing is the process of taking a sample of a person's DNA to look for changes that could cause inherited heart disease.

A heart arrhythmia occurs when the electrical signals that tell the heart to beat don't work properly.

A heart transplant requires open heart surgery and a stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your healthcare ...

A heart transplant replaces a severely diseased or malformed heart with a new heart from a human organ donor.

Heart valve disease happens when one or more of your heart valves don't work well. Your heart has four valves: the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, ...

If your heart valves have been damaged or diseased, they may fail to open and close correctly. This puts extra strain on your heart muscle.

Hemophilia is usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. This can lead to spontaneous bleeding as well as ...

Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which the blood doesn't clot in the typical way because it doesn't have enough blood-clotting proteins (clotting ...

Hepatoblastoma is a rare tumor overall, but it is the most common primary malignant hepatic neoplasm in children, comprising two-thirds of primary ...

Hereditary spherocytosis is a condition that affects red blood cells

A hernia is the protrusion of organs, such as intestines, through a weakened section of the abdominal wall.

To repair your hernia, your surgeon will: Push the bulging tissue or organ back where it belongs.

A hernia is a protrusion, bulge, or projection of an organ or part of an organ through the body wall that normally contains it. Abdominal wall ...

Hernias are structural weaknesses or tears in the abdominal wall that allow organs or tissues to protrude. They come in various types, such as ...

Hernias are structural weaknesses or tears in the abdominal wall that allow organs or tissues to protrude. They come in various types, such as ...

Hernias are structural weaknesses or tears in the abdominal wall that allow organs or tissues to protrude.

A herniated disc (also called bulged, slipped or ruptured) is a fragment of the disc nucleus that is pushed out of the annulus, into the spinal ...

Hidradenitis suppurativa (hi-drad-uh-NIE-tis sup-yoo-ruh-TIE-vuh), also known as acne inversa, is a condition that causes small, painful lumps to ...

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system.

Hives — also called urticaria (ur-tih-KAR-e-uh) — is a skin reaction that causes itchy welts. Chronic hives are welts that last for ...

Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system.

There are five general types of assistive listening devices: audio induction (also called a hearing) loop, FM system, infrared system, personal ...

Older theories about migraines suggested that symptoms were possibly due to fluctuations in blood flow to the brain.

Hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder caused by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles (cavities) deep within the brain. ...

Hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder caused by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles (cavities) deep within the brain. ...

Hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder caused by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles (cavities) deep within the brain.

Instruction sheet on the use of hydrogen peroxide ear drops for a number of common external ear conditions - TO BE USED UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF YOUR ...

Information on the underlying mechanism in some diseases causing fluctuating hearing loss, imbalance and tinnitus...

Orbital hypertelorism is defined as an increased distance between the orbits, with true lateral displacement of the orbits.

Hypertension (high blood pressure) is when the pressure in your blood vessels is too high (140/90 mmHg or higher). It is common but can be serious ...

High blood pressure is a common condition that affects the body's arteries. It's also called hypertension.

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too many hormones Trusted Source.

Primary (congenital) hypogammaglobulinemia: Several rare genetic disorders called primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) cause low immunoglobulin.

Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis. In boys with hypospadias, the ...

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a disorder that can lead to easy or excessive bruising and bleeding.

Having an IgA deficiency means that you have low levels of or no IgA in your blood.

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) deficiency is a defect of humoral immunity that is characterized by abnormally low serum levels of IgD immunoglobulins.

An IgG deficiency is a health problem in which your body doesn't make enough Immunoglobulin G (IgG).

Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency (sIgMD) is a rare immune disorder that has been reported in association with serious infections

An Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD) is a small battery-powered device placed in the chest.

Stress incontinence is usually the result of the weakening of or damage to the muscles used to prevent urination, such as the pelvic floor muscles ...

Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune ...

Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is often called the kissing disease.

Infertility is a condition where you can't get pregnant after one year of trying to conceive. Causes of infertility can include ovulatory ...

Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the digestive tract. The two main types are Crohn's disease and ...

Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,

Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs.

Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,

The Cardiology Section is involved in treating patients with disorders of the heart and vascular tree including coronary artery disease, congestive ...

Intraocular melanoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the eye. Intraocular melanoma begins in the middle of ...

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is bleeding from the uterus that is longer than usual or that occurs at an irregular time. Bleeding may be heavier ...

Jaundice in babies is caused due to liver immature. which is called physiological jaundice. Hardly 5-6% cases have serious jaundice where the ...

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease, in which the tissues in the joint break down over time.

Total joint replacement is a surgical procedure in which parts of an arthritic or damaged joint are removed and replaced with a metal, plastic, or ...

Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma, is the most common renal cancer in the pediatric age group. [1][2] It is also the most common pediatric abdominal ...

A kidney-pancreas transplant is an operation to place both a kidney and a pancreas — at the same time — into someone who has kidney ...

Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your ...

chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem globally. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a pathological state in which many risk factors for ...

The knee joint is the biggest joint in your body. It connects your thigh bone (femur) to your shin bone (tibia).

Legionnaires' (LEE-juh-nares) disease is a serious type of pneumonia (lung infection) caused by Legionella (LEE-juh-nell-a) bacteria.

Leukopenia is an abnormal reduction of circulating white blood cells, especially the granulocytes. The term leukopenia is often used ...

When you have leukemia, your bone marrow makes large numbers of abnormal cells. This problem most often happens with white blood cells. These ...

Lip and oral cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lips or mouth.

The liver holds about one pint (13%) of the body's blood supply at any given moment. The liver consists of 2 main lobes. Both are made up of 8 ...

Primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver.

Primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver. Cancer that forms in other parts of the body ...

Liver tumors can be benign or malignant growths in the liver. Common types include hepatocellular carcinoma (a primary liver cancer) and metastatic ...

Low vision is a vision problem that makes it hard to do everyday activities. It can't be fixed with glasses, contact lenses, or other standard ...

Lung Cancer begins in the lungs and may spread to lymph nodes or other organs in the body, such as the brain. Cancer from other organs also may ...

Lung cancer begins in the lungs and may spread to lymph nodes or other organs in the body, such as the brain.

Lung cancer begins in the lungs and may spread to lymph nodes or other organs in the body, such as the brain.

Lupus occurs when the immune system, which normally helps protect the body from infection and disease, attacks its own tissues. This attack causes ...

Lupus occurs when the immune system, which normally helps protect the body from infection and disease, attacks its own tissues. This attack causes ...

Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and rarely,

Lymphedema occurs when lymph is not able to flow through the body the way that it should. Possible signs of lymphedema include swelling of the ...

Malabsorption syndromes refer to a group of digestive disorders where the small intestine cannot adequately absorb nutrients from food. These ...

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans.

Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. It spreads easily when an infected person breathes, coughs or sneezes.

Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. It spreads easily when an infected person breathes, coughs or sneezes.

Meconium aspiration syndrome also known as neonatal aspiration of meconium is a medical condition affecting newborn infants. It describes the ...

Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that develops in cells called melanocytes. They make melanin, the pigment found in the skin. Although melanoma ...

Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that develops in cells called melanocytes.

Melanomas most often develop in areas that have had exposure to the sun. This includes the arms, back, face and legs.

Ménière disease is a disorder caused by build of fluid in the chambers in the inner ear. It causes symptoms such as vertigo, nausea, ...

An Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes typically caused by an infection.

An Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes typically caused by an infection.

Menopause is reached when the last egg is released. After that, the woman stops having periods. It's not quite clear why hot flashes are so common ...

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is supplementing women with hormones that are lost during the menopausal transition.

Menorrhagia is defined as menstruation at regular cycle intervals but with excessive flow and duration and is one of the most common gynecologic ...

Mesothelioma is a cancer that affects the tissue lining surrounding internal organs. Exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma. ...

Microtia is a congenital ear deformity in which the external ear is malformed and underdeveloped.

A Migraine is a headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head.

A migraine is a headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head.

Milia (singular: milium) are benign and transient subepidermal keratin cysts that present as small firm white papules in various numbers most ...

Minimally invasive heart surgery involves making small cuts, called incisions, in the chest. This lets the surgeon reach the heart by going in ...

During minimally invasive heart surgery, our surgeons make tiny chest incisions to access your heart through openings between the ribs.

The mitral valve is between the left heart chambers (left atrium and left ventricle).

Moebius syndrome is a rare birth defect that mainly affects the muscles that control facial expression and eye movement.

Infectious mononucleosis, also known as "mono" or the "kissing disease," is an infection that typically causes fever, sore throat, fatigue, and/or ...

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a group of epithelial malignancies involving the upper shared respiratory/digestive tract (lips, oral cavity, ...

Most cases are dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal diseases, tooth loss and oral cancers.

Multiple fractures resulting in discontinuity, crumpling, or “wrinkled” appearance of the long bones

Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Healthy plasma cells help fight infections by making ...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-lasting (chronic) disease of the central nervous system.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-lasting (chronic) disease of the central nervous system. It is thought to be an autoimmune disorder, a condition ...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-lasting (chronic) disease of the central nervous system. It is thought to be an autoimmune disorder, a condition ...

Mumps is an illness caused by a virus.

Mumps is an illness caused by a virus. It usually affects the glands on each side of the face. These glands, called parotid glands, make saliva. ...

Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles.

Musculoskeletal tumors can originate in bone or soft tissues such as muscle and cartilage. If they are malignant, they are considered sarcomas ...

In myasthenia gravis, the immune system makes antibodies that block or destroy many of your muscles' receptor sites for a neurotransmitter called ...

Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly formed or don't work properly.

Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells. The ...

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are rare, potentially life-threatening blood cancers that happen when your bone marrow...

Nasal sprays are used to deliver medications locally in the nasal cavities or systemically. They are used locally for conditions such as nasal ...

Neonatal surgery covers a range of surgical procedure carried out on new-born babies. New-born babies will require surgery if the condition is ...

Nerves are like cables that carry electrical impulses between your brain and the rest of your body. These impulses help you feel sensations and ...

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that starts in early nerve cells called neuroblasts. Normally, these immature cells grow into working nerve ...

Neurocutaneous syndromes are disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, organs, skin, and bones. The diseases are lifelong conditions that can ...

Non-small cell lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the lung. There are several types of non-small ...

Norovirus is a very contagious virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea. Anyone can get infected and sick with norovirus.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a long-lasting disorder in which a person experiences uncontrollable and recurring thoughts (obsessions), ...

Osteoarthritis occurs when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in your joints gradually deteriorates. Cartilage is a firm, slippery ...

A 49-amino acid calcium-binding peptide secreted by mature osteoblasts, is the most abundant non-collagen protein found in bone [17,22].

Osteoporosis is a health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break.

Information on inflammatory conditions of the external ear canal including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options, INCLUDING INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ...

Most ovarian tumors and testicular tumors are of germ cell origin. The ovaries and testes are called gonads.

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries.

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled structures that may be simple or complex. They are common findings usually discovered incidentally on physical ...

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled structures that may be simple or complex.

A pacemaker is a small, battery-powered device that prevents the heart from beating too slowly. You need surgery to get a pacemaker. The device is ...

To correct abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and help your heart beat more efficiently, your doctor may recommend a device implant.

Prevention strategies: Children aged under 5 years are at the greatest risk of inhaled foreign bodies, especially food. Young children should ...

The medical term for painful intercourse is dyspareunia (dis-puh-ROO-nee-uh), defined as persistent or recurrent genital pain that occurs just ...

Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the pancreas.

Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the pancreas.

Pancreatic or bile duct stones are solid, crystalline deposits that can form in the pancreas or the bile ducts. These stones can obstruct the flow ...

Definition. Panic Disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical ...

Paranoia is the irrational and persistent feeling that people are 'out to get you' or that you are the subject of persistent, intrusive attention ...

Patent ductus arteriosus is a persistent opening between the two main blood vessels leaving the heart. Those vessels are the aorta and the ...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which the ovaries produce an abnormal amount of androgens, male sex hormones that are usually ...

PCOS occurs when an imbalance Trusted Source of reproductive hormones may cause problems in the ovaries.

Pelvic adhesive disease is quite common, defined as a condition that occurs when adhesions or scarring bind adjacent organs together.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital tract due to an infection in women. The disease affects the ...

Chronic pelvic pain is a complex health problem. Sometimes, tests may find that a single disease is the cause. In other cases, the pain may stem ...

Pemphigus is a disease that causes blistering of the skin and the inside of the mouth, nose, throat, eyes, and genitals.

Pericardial Disease affects the pericardium, which is the flexible two-layered sac that envelops the heart.

Peripheral artery bypass surgery is done to re-route the blood supply around a blocked artery in the leg.

Personality disorders are long-term patterns of behaviour and inner experiences that differ significantly from what is expected. They affect at ...

Most often, pet allergy is triggered by exposure to the dead flakes of skin (dander) a pet shed. Any animal with fur can be a source of pet ...

Pleural effusion is the abnormal fluid accumulation within the pleural space...

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing ...

Pneumothorax in newborns Pneumothorax in the Newborn Pneumothorax is a collection of air between the lung and the chest wall that develops when ...

Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family. It finds a mention even in ancient Egyptian ...

Allergies are due to a problem with the body's immune system. Most allergic reactions happen when the immune system reacts to a false alarm. ...

Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer (PABC) is defined as breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or in the first postpartum year.

Pregnancy stresses the cardiovascular system, often worsening known heart disease; mild heart disease may first become evident during pregnancy.

The most common type of psoriasis, plaque psoriasis causes dry, itchy, raised skin patches (plaques) covered with scales.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event. It is ...

Pulmonary Fibrosis is a lung disease. The tissue around the air sacs of the lungs — known as alveoli — becomes damaged, thickened, and ...

Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease. The tissue around the air sacs of the lungs...

Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart.

The goals of pulmonary vascular disease treatment are to improve the symptoms, reduce the strain on the heart and lower the risk of heart ...

The efferent component is a rapid response team – a multidisciplinary team trained in early resuscitation interventions, and advanced life ...

ADPKD is a progressive disease, which means the symptoms tend to get worse over time. ADPKD is the most common type of inherited kidney disease. In ...

Rare cancers in children make up fewer than 1 in 30 of all childhood cancers and can broadly be grouped as: rare cancers that only affect children, ...

Rectal prolapse is a condition in which the rectum, the last portion of the large intestine, protrudes from the anus.

Renal artery stenosis is narrowing of the one or both of renal arteries.

Infantile respiratory distress syndrome, also called respiratory distress syndrome of newborn, or increasingly surfactant deficiency disorder, and ...

Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) virus, or RSV, is a common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a bacterial disease spread through the bite of an infected tick.

Rosacea is a long-term inflammatory skin condition that causes reddened skin and a rash, usually on the nose and cheeks. It may also cause eye ...

Rubella is a contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash.

Rubella is a contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash. It's also called German measles or three-day measles.

Salmonella Infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal ...

Sarcomas are rare cancers that develop in the bones and soft tissues, including fat, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, deep skin tissues and fibrous ...

Sarcomas are rare cancers that develop in the bones and soft tissues, including fat, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, deep skin tissues and fibrous ...

Sarcomas are rare cancers that develop in the bones and soft tissues, including fat, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, deep skin tissues and fibrous ...

Scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin and lay eggs,

Scarlet fever is a bacterial illness that develops in some people who have strep throat.

Sciatica is a debilitating condition that is a result of the sciatic nerve or sciatic nerve root pathology. Affected patients experience pain and ...

Scleritis is severe, destructive, vision-threatening inflammation. Symptoms include deep, boring ache; photophobia and tearing; and focal or ...

Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine. Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often is diagnosed in adolescents.

During septal myectomy, a surgeon removes excess muscle from the thickened septum.

Septicemia, or sepsis, is the clinical name for blood poisoning by bacteria. It is the body's most extreme response to an infection.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a SARS-associated coronavirus.

Sexual dysfunction can be any problems that prevent a person or couple from experiencing satisfaction from sexual activity. Some 43% of women and ...

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They are spread mainly by sexual contact.

Shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. Shingles can occur anywhere on your body. It typically looks like a single stripe of ...

Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral syndrome caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus.

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) is a complex digestive disorder that results from the surgical removal or congenital shortening of a significant portion ...

The shoulder girdle is composed of the clavicle and the scapula, which articulates with the proximal humerus of the upper limb.

Sickle cell anemia is one of a group of inherited disorders known as sickle cell disease.

Pustules are raised, red spots that contain yellow or white pus. They occur when oil, bacteria, and dead skin cells collect under the skin, causing ...

The abnormal growth of skin cells — most often develops on skin exposed to the sun. But this common form of cancer can also occur on areas of ...

The skin prick test involves: Placing a small number of substances (allergens) that may be causing your symptoms on the skin, most often on the ...

Skin conditions in babies and kids may include rashes, hives, warts, acne, birthmarks and more.

Allergic contact dermatitis is a skin reaction characterized by erythema, papules, and vesicles resulting from delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH).

A skull fracture is a head injury where there is a break in the skull bone. While mild breaks can cause few problems and heal over time, severe ...

Sleep is defined on the basis of behavioural and physiological criteria dividing it into two states: non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep which is ...

Small intestine disorders encompass a broad spectrum of medical conditions that affect the small intestine, a critical component of the digestive ...

Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family.

Snoring is harsh, noisy, rattling breathing that is caused by an improper inflow and outflow of air while you're sleeping. When you fall asleep, ...

Social anxiety disorder is an intense, persistent fear of being watched and judged by others. This fear can affect work, school, and other daily ...

A sore throat can make it painful to swallow. A sore throat can also feel dry and scratchy.

Spasticity is defined as a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated movements due to the hyperexcitability of stretch ...

A specific phobia involves a strong, lasting fear of a certain object or situation that's much greater than the actual risk. There are many types ...

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the bundle of nerves and nerve fibers that sends and receives signals from the brain.

Spinal fractures are different than a broken arm or leg. A fracture or dislocation of a vertebra can cause bone fragments to pinch and damage the ...

Spinal stenosis happens when the spaces in the spine narrow and create pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots. The spinal cord is a bundle of ...

A tumor forms when an abnormal cell grows to form a mass of abnormal cells. Spinal cord tumors are tumors that form on the spinal cord or in the ...

The spine itself has three main segments: the cervical spine, the thoracic spine, and the lumbar spine. The cervical is the upper part of the ...

The term “sports injury” refers to the kinds of injuries that most commonly happen during sports or exercise.

An endovascular stent graft is a tube composed of fabric supported by a metal mesh called a stent.

A stent is a small metal coil or tube that is placed in a narrowed artery to hold it open. To place the stent, your healthcare provider first ...

Stomach cancer, which is also called gastric cancer, is a growth of cells that starts in the stomach. The stomach is in the upper middle part of ...

Stomach ulcers, also known as peptic ulcers, are open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach, the upper part of the small intestine ...

A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain ...

A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain ...

Blood pressure, blood-sugar and cholesterol levels should be checked regularly, with associated conditions managed in consultation with a health ...

A collection of infected fluid called an abscess in breast tissue also can cause a breast lump.

Press your tongue to the roof of your mouth. Step 2: Now place one index finger onto the left TMJ and another index finger on your chin. Step ...

Tension headaches are the most common type of headache. Tension headaches typically do not cause nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light.

Testicular cancer is cancer that develops from the cells in the testicles. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men and is one of ...

Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani.

Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When these bacteria enter the body, they produce a toxin that causes painful ...

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that causes the body to have less hemoglobin than normal. Hemoglobin enables red blood cells to carry ...

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that causes the body to have less hemoglobin than normal.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a family of conditions in which either the blood vessels or nerves are compressed, resulting in nonspecific ...

Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count. Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood ...

Platelets are parts of the blood that help form blood clots. Thrombocytosis (throm-boe-sie-TOE-sis) is a disorder in which your body produces too ...

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), a term referring to blood clots in the veins, is an underdiagnosed and serious, yet preventable medical condition ...

Thromboendarterectomy is performed to open an artery that is occluded (obstructed) by a thrombus (blood clot).

Thrombolytic treatment, also known as fibrinolytic therapy, dissolves dangerous intravascular clots to prevent ischemic damage by improving blood ...

Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries. Symptoms include pain and swelling in one leg, chest pain, or numbness on one side of ...

Thrombotic disorders- Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block your blood vessels.

Thyroid cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the thyroid. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just ...

Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your ...

Tinnitus is the perception of a ringing, buzzing, hissing, or roaring sound in one or both ears. It may be continuous or intermittent ...

Tooth decay is damage to a tooth's surface, or enamel. It happens when bacteria in your mouth make acids that attack the enamel.

Toxic Shock Syndrome is a reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (HCT) or RBC count. It is a presentation of an underlying condition and can ...

Transient tachypnea of the newborn is a respiratory problem that can be seen in the newborn shortly after delivery. It is caused by retained fetal ...

This device consists of a sheath (long tube) wrapped in laser fiber optics that is advanced through the targeted vein and over the lead.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life changing neurological condition with substantial socioeconomic implications for patients and their ...

Trichiasis is an eye condition in which your eyelashes grow the wrong way — toward your eye rather than away from it.

Trigeminal neuralgia is one of the most painful neurological conditions and is often described as a 'lightning bolt' stuck on the face or ...

As typically defined, dysphagia is a condition in which disruption of the swallowing process interferes with a patient's ability to eat.

TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and it most often affects the lungs. TB is spread through the air when people with lung TB ...

Undescended testicles are a common childhood condition where a boy's testicles are not in their usual place in the scrotum. It's estimated ...

Urethral cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from ...

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections of childhood.

Uterine prolapse occurs when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch and weaken until they no longer provide enough support for the uterus. ...

Uterine sarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the muscles of the uterus or other tissues that support the uterus.

Uveitis is inflammation inside your eye. Inflammationhappens when  usually your immune system is fighting an infection.

What are vulvar and vaginal disorders? Vulvar and vaginal disorders can refer to a wide spectrum of health conditions and infections that affect a ...

Vaginal cancer begins when healthy cells in the vagina change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor.

Vaginal cancer begins when healthy cells in the vagina change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or ...

Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina that can result in discharge, itching and pain. The cause is usually a change in the balance of vaginal ...

Larger varicose veins are generally treated with ligation and stripping, laser treatment, or radiofrequency treatment.

Varicose veins, or varicosities, are swollen, twisted veins that lie just under the skin.

Vascular imaging is used to evaluate blood vessels – with the exception of the coronary arteries, which are assessed with a CT scan – ...

Vascular medicine is dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the arteries and veins.

A ventricular assist device is an implantable heart pump that is used to treat heart failure.

A controller unit and battery pack are worn outside the body and are connected to the LVAD through a small opening in the skin.

Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tach) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. It occurs when the lower chamber of the heart beats too ...

Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by a virus. Over time, inflammation can lead to scarring, which, in turn can lead to ...

Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs.

Vitiligo is a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color. This happens when melanocytes ...

Vocal Hygiene is a daily regimen of good habits to maintain the health of your vocal folds. These include eliminating inappropriate vocal habits ...

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a blood disorder in which the blood does not clot properly.

Von Willebrand disease is a lifelong bleeding disorder in which your blood doesn't clot properly.

Warts are non-cancerous (benign) skin growths that develop on different parts of the body and come in various forms.

West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the continental United States.

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection.

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection. In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed ...

Wrinkles are a natural part of aging. These lines and creases in the skin are most likely to form on skin that's often exposed to the sun, ...

Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes.