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Head and Neck Cancer

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Acute

What is Head and Neck Cancer?

Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that develop in the upper aerodigestive epithelium after exposure to carcinogens such as tobacco and alcohol. Human papillomavirus has also been strongly implicated as a causative agent in a subset of these cancers.

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  • Swelling or a sore that does not heal; this is the most common symptom.
  • Red or white patch in the mouth.
  • Lump, bump, or mass in the head or neck area, with or without pain.
  • Persistent sore throat.
  • Foul mouth odor not explained by hygiene.
  • Hoarseness or change in voice.

Common oral complications of head and neck cancer radiation therapy: mucositis, infections, saliva change, fibrosis, sensory dysfunctions, dental caries, periodontal disease, and osteoradionecrosis.

Alcohol and tobacco are major risk factors for cancers of the head and neck. All tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff, or a type of chewing tobacco called betel quid) are linked to head and neck cancer.

Head and neck cancer is common in several regions of the world. The primary risk factors associated with head and neck cancer include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (for oropharyngeal cancer), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (for nasopharyngeal cancer).

  • Don't smoke.
  • Don't use smokeless tobacco products.
  • Limit the amount of alcohol you drink.
  • Talk to your doctor about HPV vaccination.
  • Use condoms and dental dams consistently and correctly during oral sex to lower the chances of giving or getting HPV.

How is it diagnosed?

How is it diagnosed?

Head and neck cancer treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of treatments.

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How is it treated?

Treatment for acute myeloid leukemia is vital. It varies with the patient and stage of the disease. Treatment options include

  • Surgery: Surgeons may remove the tumor and a margin of surrounding healthy tissue.
  • Radiation therapy: The most common form of radiation for head and neck cancers uses a machine that directs high-energy X-rays toward your tumor (EBRT).

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