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Meningitis (General Medicine)

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Acute

What is Meningitis?

An Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes typically caused by an infection. Meningitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection but can also be viral or fungal. Vaccines can prevent some forms of meningitis. Symptoms include headache, nausea, confusion, fever, and stiff neck. Depending on the underlying cause, viral meningitis may resolve on its own, with the exception of the herpes simplex virus (HSV). However, it can also be life-threatening, requiring immediate antibiotic treatment.

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There are a number of symptoms of Meningitis, which may include
  • A high temperature.
  • Cold hands and feet.
  • Vomiting.
  • Confusion.
  • Breathing quickly.
  • Muscle and joint pain.
  • Pale, mottled, or blotchy skin (this may be harder to see on brown or black skin).
  • Spots or a rash (this may be harder to see on brown or black skin).
Complications

One in 5 people surviving an episode of bacterial meningitis may have long lasting after-effects. These after-effects include hearing loss, seizures, limb weakness, difficulties with vision, speech, language, memory, and communication, as well as scarring and limb amputations after sepsis.

Causes

Meningitis is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Viral meningitis is the most common and least serious type. Bacterial meningitis is rare, but can be very serious if not treated.

Prevention
  • Wash your hands. Careful hand-washing helps prevent the spread of germs.
  • Practice good hygiene. Don't share drinks, foods, straws, eating utensils, lip balms, or toothbrushes with anyone else.
  • Stay healthy.
  • Cover your mouth.
  • If you're pregnant, take care with food.
Risk factors
  • Skipping vaccinations. Risk rises for anyone who hasn't completed the recommended childhood or adult vaccination schedule.
  • Age. Most cases of viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5 years.
  • Living in a community setting.
  • Pregnancy.
  • Weakened immune system.

How is it diagnosed?

How is it diagnosed?

Acute bacterial meningitis must be treated right away with intravenous antibiotics and sometimes corticosteroids. This helps to ensure recovery and reduce the risk of complications, such as brain swelling and seizures. The antibiotic or combination of antibiotics depends on the type of bacteria causing the infection.

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How is it treated?

Treatment for acute myeloid leukemia is vital. It varies with the patient and stage of the disease. Treatment options include

  • Antibiotics given directly into a vein.
  • Fluids given directly into a vein to prevent dehydration.
  • Oxygen through a face mask if there are any breathing difficulties.
  • Steroid medication to help reduce any swelling around the brain, in some cases.

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