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Sarcomas (Surgical Oncology)

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Acute

What is Sarcomas?

Sarcomas are rare cancers that develop in the bones and soft tissues, including fat, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, deep skin tissues and fibrous tissues. According to the National Cancer Institute, about 12,000 cases of soft tissue sarcomas and 3,000 cases of bone sarcomas are diagnosed in the U.S. each year.

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Their growth may cause pain, a feeling of fullness or breathing problems. The most common symptoms of bone sarcomas include the following: Pain and/or swelling in an arm or leg, the trunk, the pelvis or the back; swelling may or may not feel warm to the touch. A limited range of motion in a joint.

Late effects can occur almost anywhere in the body. They include physical problems, such as heart and lung problems, and second cancers, which is a new cancer that happens in someone who has had cancer before. People treated for Ewing sarcoma have a higher risk of developing leukemia and solid tumors.

Factors that may raise the risk of sarcoma include: Inherited syndromes. A risk of soft tissue sarcoma can run in families. Genetic syndromes that increase the risk include hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis and Werner syndrome

The only way to prevent some soft tissue sarcomas is to avoid exposure to risk factors whenever possible. Still, most sarcomas develop in people with no known risk factors. At this time, there's no known way to prevent this cancer. And for people getting radiation therapy, there's usually little choice.

  • Exposure to chemicals
  • Genetics
  • Radiotherapy
  • Lymphedema
  • Radiation exposure
  • Age
  • Immune deficiency
  • Inherited syndromes
  • Exposure to human herpesvirus 8

How is it treated?

In general, sarcoma treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. For example, treatment for osteosarcoma may involve nine weeks of chemotherapy, surgery to remove the tumor and rebuild the bone and another five months of chemotherapy.

  • Chemotherapy.
  • Targeted therapy.
  • Immunotherapy.
  • Ablation therapy.
  • Surgery. The goal of surgery for sarcoma is to remove all of the cancer cells.
  • Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays and protons, to kill cancer cells.

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