Ventilatory management
This is the use of mechanical devices to assist or replace the patient’s breathing. Ventilation can be invasive (using a tube inserted into the airway) or non-invasive (using a mask or a helmet). Ventilation is used for patients with respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or sleep apnoea.
Airway management
This is the assessment and intervention to ensure that the patient’s airway is clear and open. Airway management can include suctioning, endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy or bronchoscopy.
Spirometry
This is a test that measures the amount and speed of air that the patient can inhale and exhale. Spirometry is used to diagnose and monitor respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or interstitial lung disease.
Bronchoscopy
This is a procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera and a light to examine the inside of the airways and lungs. Bronchoscopy can be used to diagnose, treat, or prevent respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, pneumonia, tuberculosis, or foreign body aspiration.
Thoracoscopy
This is a procedure that uses a thin tube with a camera and a light to examine the inside of the chest cavity and the pleura (the membrane that covers the lungs). Thoracoscopy can be used to diagnose, treat, or prevent pleural diseases such as pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or mesothelioma.
Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS)
To evaluation of mediastinal tumors and staging of lung cancer
Ultrasound-guided interventions
These are procedures that use ultrasound imaging to guide the insertion of needles, catheters, or other instruments into the chest or lungs. Ultrasound-guided interventions can be used to perform biopsies, drainages, or ablations of lung or pleural lesions.
Pulmonary function tests
These are a group of tests that measure how well the lungs work. Pulmonary function tests can include spirometry, lung diffusion study, lung volume measurement, or ventilation perfusion scanning. Pulmonary function tests are used to diagnose and monitor respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease, or pulmonary hypertension.
Polysomnography
This is a test that records the patient’s brain activity, eye movements, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and breathing patterns during sleep. Polysomnography is used to diagnose and treat sleep disorders such as sleep apnoea, narcolepsy, or restless legs syndrome.
Allergy testing and immunotherapy
These are tests and treatments that identify and reduce the patient’s sensitivity to allergens (substances that cause allergic reactions). Allergy testing can include skin prick tests, blood tests, or challenge tests. Immunotherapy can include allergy shots, sublingual tablets, or oral drops. Allergy testing and immunotherapy are used to diagnose and treat allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, or anaphylaxis.
Pulmonary rehabilitation
This is a program that combines exercise, education, and counselling to improve the patient’s physical and mental health. Pulmonary rehabilitation is used to help patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD, asthma, or interstitial lung disease to improve their quality of life, reduce their symptoms, and prevent complications.
Smoking cessation
This is a program that helps the patient to quit smoking and avoid relapse. Smoking cessation can include behaviour cocounseling, pharmacotherapy, or nicotine replacement therapy. Smoking cessation is used to prevent or reduce the risk of smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer, COPD, or cardiovascular disease.
Post-COVID care
This is a program that provides follow-up and support for patients who have recovered from COVID-19 infection. Post-COVID care can include monitoring, testing, treatment, or rehabilitation for patients who have persistent or new symptoms or complications after COVID-19, such as fatigue, breathlessness, chest pain, or mental health issues.